true TCAGR Farming. All aspects from primitive gathering of fruits and wood through major industrial crop and animal farms 1 Agriculture intermediate true TSACO Air is cooled from ambient conditions to approximately 283K for human comfort and other indoor environmental purposes. Generally, electricity is used to accomplish this task. 83 Air Conditioning final true TSVEN Motors, blowers and fans use electricity to move air around for heating and cooling 109 Air Handling final true TSVAR Conversion of hydrocarbons to propulsive work for airplanes 106 Aircraft final true TSAPP Appliances are used by consumers to perform a variety of tasks. Electrical work is converted to mechanical work with relatively good efficiency in these appliances. The work is then put to use. Generally, the work is not converted to another form of fungible exergy. 86 Appliances final true TNSAA Absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. Solar radiation is thermalized down to environmental temperatures. In this model, the differences from 300K resulting from solar warming of the atmosphere are not counted as stored exergy. The winds that result from those temperature gradients are the only exergetic output of this transformation. Winds may be fed by more interactions - particularly by thermal interactions between the atmosphere and earth's surface, but the complex conductive radiative and convective interactions are not recorded in this model. 71 Atmospheric Absorption primary true TCBID Conversion of vegetable, seed and waste-cooking oil to a diesel fuel surrogate. Involves transesterificaiton and mild refining. 2 Biodiesel Production intermediate true TCBSF 3 Biomass-Fired Power Plants intermediate true TNAOD Transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean surface 56 CO2 Dissolution primary true TCMRK Mining of non-metallic minerals (mostly for the cement and glass industry) 117 Carbonate Mineral Mining primary true TCNMP Processing of non-metallic minerals (calcium oxides and carbonates, silicon oxides, etc.) into non-metallic commodities such as cement and glass. 29 Cement and Glass Production final true TCCHR Partial oxidation of biomass into a coal-like fuel. 125 Charcoal Production primary true TCHEM Production of plastics, solvents, synthetic materials and other commercial and industrial chemicals. 17 Chemical Production intermediate true TCCOT Catch-all for the conversion of coal to liquid fuels (direct and indirect CTL) and coal to synthetic natural gas. Might want to split this out into two categories. 4 Coal Conversion intermediate true TCMCL Extraction of coal from the lithosphere 19 Coal Mining primary true TCECL 5 Coal-Fired Power Plants intermediate true TCCOF Uncontrolled subterranian oxidation of coal 123 Coalbed Fires primary true TNSWD All of the energy in ocean waves is dissipated as those waves break at coastlines. 75 Coastal Wave Breaking primary true TSCOK Needs Work. This is the converstion whereby various exergy carriers are consumed for the sake of cooking food. However, some exergy goes to warm air, which is eventually dissipated. Other exergy goes to "Cooking thermal", which is a carrier with no sinks (I supposed the food eventually cools and is eaten). 89 Cooking final true TSAFD The exergy embodied in the kinetic energy of air in HVAC systems is destroyed by friction and mixing. 84 Dissipation final true Exergy is destroyed during and after cooking as the hot gases, equipment and food cool to room temperature. 127 Dissipation final true TCGTD 16 Distribution Loss final true TNOSK Transformation of energy and chemicals in the upper ocean to energy and chemicals in the deep ocean 65 Downwelling primary true TSELC End use for electricity where communications, information and entertainment services are provided with no intrinsic exergetic value. 91 Electronics final true TNERO Transformation of soil into rivers. 121 Erosion primary true TCEOH Currently, most ethanol is produced from biomass feedstocks (primarily corn and sugar cane), and some fossil fuel is used to drive the conversion and purification processes. However, ethanol could also be made from fossil feedstocks. 10 Ethanol Production intermediate true TNSEV Solar energy heats water in the oceans and on land. That water evaporates into the atmosphere, where it eventually condenses as clouds. A very small fraction of the energy that goes into raising the water up to the height of clouds is that which is already present in the biosphere above sea level as gravitaitonal potential energy. 72 Evaporation and Transpiration primary true TNEST Needs work. The extra solar radiation area is a bit of a mess. The idea is that radiation energy transfer from the surface of the earth to space actually injects exergy into the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere (cold exergy). This particular transformation appears to be the "source" of extra solar radiation. 57 Extra-Solar Radiation Influx primary true Exergy is destroyed where freshwater mixes with saltwater at coastlines. 126 Fluid Mixing final true The work done on moving vehicles is dissipated by braking friction, rolling resistance and fluid friction (wind resistance). 130 Fluid and Mechanical Friction final true TCFOO Conversion of raw agricultural feedstocks to commercial food products 14 Food Processing final true TCFOR Conversion of trees to lumber, and conversion of wooded land into land for other (agricultural, commercial or industrial) use. 15 Forestry and Milling intermediate true The exergy associated with work done by humans is destroyed by friction and dissipation. 129 Friction final true The exergy associated with work done by mechanical appliances is eventually destroyed by friction and dissipation of heat. 128 Friction final true TNMHD Conduction of heat from the earth's crust to the surface. This is a simple natural exergy destruction 59 Geothermal Cooling primary true TNMHE Conduction of heat from the earth's interior to the crust. This is the "source" of mantle heat, and it represents that which feeds the accumulation of sensible energy in the crust. 60 Geothermal Heat Influx primary true TCEGO 7 Geothermal Power Plants intermediate true TNHCF Natural formation of coal, oil, natural gas and methane clathrates from buried biomass 58 Hydrocarbon Formation primary true TNNHD Natural oxidation of fossil fuels 61 Hydrocarbon Oxidation final true TCEHY 8 Hyrdoelectric Power Plants intermediate true TSLAN Then end of the line for carbon and exergy containing products, where solid waste that is not converted to fuels or electricity is naturally oxidized and returned to the lithosphere and atomosphere. 93 Landfills final true TSLIT Needs work. All forms of lighting that use exergy carriers (carbon containing or otherwise) to light up our dark world.. Should probably have some form of heat output (warm air -> thermal dissipation) 94 Lighting final true TSMFG Catch-all for industrial processing that does not include the "big" industries: metals, cement and glass, refining, etc. This is where those refined products are aggregated into consumer products. 97 Manufacturing final true TSMET Transformation of food energy into mechanical work and body heat. 96 Metabolism final true TCMEP Conversion of metal-ore feedstocks (usually oxides of metals) into iron, steel, aluminum, copper and other pure or alloy metals. 21 Metal Manufacturing intermediate true TCMME Extraction of metal ores (usually oxides of iron, aluminum, copper, etc.) from the lithosphere. This activity excludes mining of uranium or, as uranium is mined for its exergy content while metal ores are mined for their material content. 22 Metal Ore Mining primary true TSMED Needs work. Metal atoms are returned to the lithosphere and the exergy contained in metals is destroyed as metals are oxidized.. How much metal is actually disposed of in an oxidative way? How much should go to municipal soid waste, and then to landfills? How much is retained in the built environment (new accumulation)? How much is recycled? 95 Metal Oxidation final true TCLNG Cooling and pressurization of methane for storage or transport 18 Methane Liquefaction intermediate true TCRNG Conversion of liquefied natural gas to ambient temperature natural gas 36 Methane Regasification intermediate true TCEME 9 Natural Gas Fired Power Plants intermediate true TCPNG Natural gas, as extracted from the lithosphere, contains many impurities which are not acceptable for pipeline specifications. The gas may include high levels of CO2, some H2S, nigtrogen, water, etc. Natural gas processing takes natural gas from its "extracted" state and removes the impurities and brings the composition of the gas to pipeline specifications. 32 Natural Gas Purification intermediate true TCNRE Extraction of fissile and fissionable nuclides from nuclear waste 124 Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing primary true TCNUC 30 Nuclear Power Plants intermediate true TNORS Transformation of sensible energy in the oceans due to rising masses of deep water 63 Ocean Upwelling primary true TNWWV Kinetic energy in the wind is transformed into potential and kinetic energy in the surface of the ocean. 82 Ocean Wave Production primary true TCMOG Location and extraction of fluid hydrocarbons from the subsurface. Taps into natural accumulations of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) and gaseous hydrocarbons (natural gas - mostly methane) and extracts them from the lithosphere. 24 Oil and Gas Extraction primary true TCEGD 6 Oil-Fired Power Plants intermediate true TCPUP Conversion of forest products (wood) into pulp, paper and cardboard. 33 Paper Manufacturing final true TCREF Conversion of crude oil to petroleum products including gasoline, diesel, kerosine, naptha, liquefied petroleum gas (mostly propane). Some methane is produced in the process, but it is usually used onsite in the refinery. Petroleum coke is also produced, some of which is used onsite, some is exported as an energy feedstock, and some is returned to the lithosphere. 35 Petroleum Refining intermediate true TNPHO Sunlight is converted into energy stored in plants by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis also sucks up carbon from the atmosphere and stores it in plants. 69 Photosynthesis primary true TSPIP Needs work. Mechanical work is generated at pumping and pressurization stations in the network of pipelines that transport oil and natural gas from place to place. Currently, that mechanical work goes nowhere, but we need a transformation do dissipate the mechanical work. 100 Pipeline Pumping Stations final true TNNPD Natural oxidation of plant matter back to CO2 62 Plant Decay final true TNPFR The exergy in fresh water is destroyed via fluid friction as the fresh water migrates down the surface in rivulets, streams and rivers. 68 Precipitate Friction primary true TNPCP Converts the exergy stored in clouds to the exergy in fresh water on the surface. 67 Precipitation primary true TCPHP Needs work. Transformation of electricity to (eventually) gravitational potential energy of water.. Probably should call-out the pumping that is done for water management 115 Pumps intermediate true TNRAD Natural stocks of uranium decay naturally as the uranium in uranium ore decays and the oxides become converted to exergetically useless oxides. 70 Radioactive Decay primary true TSREF This is the transformation of electricity to cold exergy performed in the mechanism of a refrigerator. The output is cold air, and this exergy is destroyed later, in thermal dissipation. 102 Refrigeration final true TNDEL Needs work. Where rivers meet oceans, the carrier for carbon is transformed from "river" to "ocean near surface". We may want to throw the freshwater exergy destruction in here too. 120 River Deltas primary true TNROG Outgassing of CO2 from rivers 119 River Offgassing primary true TSVRD Catch-all for automobiles, trucks and trains (probably off-road vehicles such as construction equipment as well, although those may be rolled into manufacturing). This should probably be disaggregated into light duty vehicles, heavy duty trucks, trains and off-road vehicles. Maybe look for IEA, EIA or DOT specifications 110 Road and Rail Vehicles final true TNWRK Conversion of lithospheric minerals and atmospheric CO2 into dissolved carbonates in rivers. 118 Rock Weathering primary true TNOSC Consolidation of organic matter from the deep ocean into carbonate rock on the seafloor. 64 Sedimentaiton primary true TSVSH Water-borne transportation of goods and people 112 Ships final true TNSRT This is an input-less transformation that represents the point at which solar radiation enters the atmosphere. 73 Solar Influx primary true TCESO Includes both solar thermal and PV conversion of solar energy to electricity 11 Solar Power Plants intermediate true TNTEF The exergy in solid earth tides is dissipated and thermalized via friction in the earth's crust. 76 Solid Earth Tidal Friction primary true TSAHE Air is warmed (usually in enclosed spaces) by a variety of exergy inputs for human comfort 85 Space Heating final true TCSTD Distribution of steam from boilers to industrial, commercial and residential users of steam. 37 Steam Distribution Loss final true TCSTE Generation of steam for use as an exergy carrier. Steam is used to drive process equipment, to provide process heat, and to provide space heat in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. 38 Steam Production intermediate true TNSST The majority of surface-incident solar and extra-solar exergy is destroyed as the radiation is thermalized to environmental temperatures. Thermal gradients in the ocean are attributed to the remaining exergy from surface-incident solar. 74 Surface Heating primary true TSTHD End of the line for all warm and cool carriers of exergy after end use. 105 Thermal Dissipation final true TNTIF The majority of ocean tidal exergy is destroyed by the fluid friction in the oceans. 78 Tidal Friction primary true TNTID This is the origin of the carriers that are oceanic and solid-earth tides. 77 Tidal Influx primary true TCTID Hydraulic turbines can be used in select locations to extract energy from water as the water is moved by the tides. 39 Tidal Power Plants intermediate true TCETD 12 Transmission Loss final true TCPHT Conversion of energy stored by pumped hydro back to electricity 116 Turbines intermediate true TCUEN Conversion of uranium ore to nuclear reactor fuel. Reactor fuel is made of engineered uranium oxides, generally with elevated levels of fissile nuclides (U325). 40 Uranium Enrichment primary true TCMUO Extraction of uranium ore (often called "yellowcake") from the lithosphere 28 Uranium Ore Mining primary true TDVFR Exergy is destroyed via viscous friction in oil and gas pipelines. 55 Viscous friction final true TSVSD Destruction of the exergy emitted by lighting devices as that light is absorbed by the environment and thermalized. 111 Visible Light Dissipation final true TNVVP Thermal exergy is destroyed and carbon from the subsurface is emitted to the atmosphere 79 Volcanoes primary true TSDIS Needs work. Agregator that converts exergy and carbon containing products into municipal solid waste. For some reason, "chemicals" are listed as an output, where I believe they should be an input. 90 Waste Disposal final true TCMSW Conversion of municipal solid waste (garbage and sewage) into methane and electricity. It is assumed that all carbon that is not converted to methane is eventually oxidized to CO2. It is assumed that all exergy contained in MSW that is not converted to electricity or methane is destroyed. 27 Waste Processing final true TSWHE Generation of warm and hot water for residential, commercial and industrial use. 114 Water Heating final true TNOWD Needs work. Currently this transformation is turning ocean surface waves into shore waves. There should really be two transformations (1) is friction, which simply destroys the exergy in ocean surface waves, and (2) surface-shore, which transforms mid-ocean waves into those that are available at shorelines. 66 Wave Friction primary true TNWAF A large amount of exergy is destroyed in the various eddies and shear-layers naturally present in the atmosphere 80 Wind Dissipation primary true TNWLD As wind interacts with the earth's surface, a lot of exergy is destroyed. 81 Wind Friction primary true TCEWI 13 Wind Turbines intermediate